英国留学硕士申请条件 留学英国推荐信写作内容与格式

yezi1699 经验 2024-01-01 626 0
问题描述 英国留学硕士申请条件

推荐答案

  1.学历要求

  本科学历:国内本科学历。

  大学毕业:在攻读硕士学位之前,需要申请英国硕士预科课程。

  注:需要提醒的是,一些大学毕业生毕业后已经工作了几年。如果他们的工作经验可以被英国大学认可,也可以直接申请硕士课程。

  2.语言要求

  英国硕士通常需要6.5分的雅思成绩。

  一般情况下,雅思6.5-7.0是商科、社会学、文史类专业的入学要求。

  理工科专业要求雅思入学要求为6.0-6.5。

  注意:如果学生的语言成绩没有达到学校的申请要求,他们也可以申请相应的语言课程,然后在达到学校要求后进入硕士阶段。

  3.资金要求

  在英国攻读硕士学位的费用(学费+生活费)约为30万元/年。根据实际情况,不同学院、不同专业、不同城市的费用不同。

  4.申请英国留学硕士的材料

  需要准备成绩单及相关材料、学习证书/毕业证书、学位证书、推荐信和推荐人、各种获奖证书、实习/工作证书。

其他回答

留学英国推荐信写作内容与格式

#英国留学# 导语推荐信是申请英国留学的重要材料之一,推荐信的好坏关系到能否成功申请英国留学。下面是 考 网分享的留学英国推荐信写作内容与格式。欢迎阅读参考!

1.留学英国推荐信写作内容与格式

 一、写作内容

 1、介绍推荐人和被推荐人,推荐人要陈述自己是谁,在哪里就职,和被推荐人是什么关系。

 其中最重要的就是要写清楚推荐人和申请人的关系。如果平时接触的不是很多,可以侧重说明两人一起合作的深度。无论从哪种角度,都要传达出推荐人对于被推荐人很了解,而非一面之缘的信息。跨专业的学生不用担心老师不是相关专业的,推荐信突出是学术能力和学科兴趣。

 2、对被推荐人的综合评价 推荐人可以先用一句或者一段话来描述申请人,然后再描述申请人的客观表现,比如平时总是会在课上举手问问题,能找到别人没注意到的细节,或者会对同班同学课上回答的问题进行积极的反馈和补充等等。等于先下定义,然后再列举例子来支撑前面的综合评价。

 3、展示优秀品质和学术潜力

 除了课堂上的表现,推荐人还可以通过和申请人的共事过程中的体验来侧面体现申请人的优秀品质。比如:交上来的论文总是结构清晰,格式准确,来体现做事仔细,对学术认真;或者除了规定的reading list之外,申请人还经常能在课上旁征博引别的学术资源,其实也就说明这个学生有学习主动性,而且学术广度比较大。注意这里不要写推荐人不可能知道的事情,比如经常“学习到很晚”或者“经常课下和同学发邮件交流学习”等等,否则整封推荐信就会显得失真了。

 二、推荐人的选择

 1、与被推荐人有直接关系并可信赖,十分了解申请人并且能够客观评判其优势和特点。

 2、与申请专业具有相关性,比如申请生物专业,可以找生物老师或者相关科目的老师。

 3、考察推荐人的背景,头衔名气以及职务较高为佳,不过前提是与申请者十分熟悉。

 三、英国留学推荐信的规定

 写明与被推荐人的关系以及认识时间和所教授的课程;

 要说明被推荐人的学术能力;

 写明被推荐人在班里的表现;

 分析被推荐人与其他具有相同条件的学生的区别;

 阐述被推荐人是否适合其申请的课程;

 被推荐人与众不同的优点。

 四、推荐信的写作格式

 ①开头

 推荐信的开头,一般需要描述清楚推荐人与申请者之间的关系,通过什么方式认识,相识多久,以及在这期间对申请者的印象如何,并表现出推荐人非常愿意推荐你到该大学就读。

 ②正文

 推荐信的正文没有固定的格式,通过提供的事例有选择性的描述学生的学科潜质和个性特征,从而有针对性和实效性地展现学生的学习和生活品质。正文是推荐人对学生进行评估的重要部分,由于评估的内容比较多,可以分段来描述。

 ③结尾

 推荐信的结尾主要是对学生特质的一些概括,或者是推荐人对于学生在这个专业领域今后的发展潜力做简单描述,还可以写一些对学校感谢之类的话。语言上表现出推荐力度以及对于学生前途的美好期待和展望。

 一篇完整的推荐信应该包括申请者的学业成绩或特质,综合方面的表现,以及对其未来的展望。由于种种原因,国内有些老师没有能力出具英文推荐信,鉴于这种情况下,推荐人可以写出中文推荐信,同时附上英文翻译件。

 五、推荐信写作注意事项

 1.避免夸夸其谈,对申请者的成就客观评价。推荐人需要表明对申请人的动机有所了解,并且还需要进一步的深造。过度赞美的推荐信不会有任何意义。

 2.避免堆砌泛泛的赞美之词,加入具体事例。这样的推荐信才能具有真实性,同时描写精彩细节会让招生官对学生有着更加深刻的印象。

 3.避免逻辑混乱,注意语言风格和思维角度,每一封信的侧重点要有所不同。

 4.避免明显的语法、句子以及单词错误。

 填写推荐人信息,通过邮件链接上传推荐信。有些学校是不接受open reference,即你不需要在网申系统中上传推荐信,只需要将老师的信息填写正确(尤其是邮箱地址),提交网申之后,系统会自动发送邮件给老师,由老师自己来上传推荐信.老师点击邮件中的链接进去,填写自己的信息,上传推荐信即可。

2.留学去英国热门院校

 1、白金汉大学

 该校留学生比例高达56.35%,超过本科生人数的一半。其中,140人来自其它欧盟国家, 570人来自欧盟以外的国家。白金汉大学是全英一所私立独立大学,1976年以白金汉大学学院的名字创立。白金汉大学提供的两年本科的课程让学生以最快的速度最 小的销来完成学业白金汉大学有别与其它英国大学。它能够给予学生与众不同的经历。并拥有合理的师生比例(1:8),大大优于英国的平均比例(1:17.5),使学生能尽可能的与导师进行互动。

 2、伦敦政经学院

 该校留学本科生的比例为44.64% 。其中,285人来自其它欧盟国家,1,505来自非欧盟国家。伦敦政治经济学院创立于1895年,为伦敦大学 联盟成员。伦敦政经学院与牛津大学、剑桥大学、帝国理工学院、伦敦大学学院并称“G5超级精英大学”。该校入学竞争极其激烈,录取率不仅不低于牛津、剑桥,部分专业的录取要求甚至高于牛津、剑桥,在英国国内声誉与剑桥牛津齐名。伦敦政经在QS高等教育社会科学和经济学领域排名为世界第二。

 3、圣安德鲁斯大学

 该校国际学生在本科生中的比例为41.63%。其中,880人来自其它欧盟国家,2,365人来自欧盟以外国家。圣安德鲁斯大学是一所始建于1413年的顶尖公立研究型大学,坐落于美丽的高尔夫球发源地——英国苏格兰东海岸古镇圣安德鲁斯,是苏格兰第一所大学,同时也是英语世界中仅次于牛津剑桥的第三古老的大学。

 4、格林多大学

 该校在2008年才被正式命名为大学。海外学生在该校本科生中的比例是39.84%,其中1,320来自其它欧盟国家,1,915人来自非欧盟国家。

 5、亚非学院

 海外学生在本科生中的比例为39.39%。420人来自其它欧盟国家,750人来自欧盟以外的国家。亚非学院创立于1916年,是欧洲的亚非研究中心之一。位于伦敦市中心区,紧邻大英博物馆和大英图书馆,是英国一所专门研究亚洲、非洲、近东和中东的高等教育机构。伦敦大学的亚非学院在亚、非洲国际关系、政治经济和东方语言学的研究在全英排名前五,仅次于牛津、剑桥、爱丁堡大学和伦敦大学学院。

 6、伦敦艺术大学

 这所海外学生扎堆的大学由坎伯韦尔艺术学院﹑中央圣马丁艺术与设计学院﹑切尔西艺术与设计学院﹑伦敦时装学院和伦敦传媒学院这五所世界闻名的艺术设计传媒学院组成。该校的本科生中有37.81%是国际学生,其中1,535人来自其它欧盟国家;3,730人来自非欧盟国家。

3.英国留学大概费用清单

 一、英国留学学费

 学费是大头毋庸置疑。一般来说,在英国读本科比念研究生便宜,在其他地区念比在伦敦便宜,而商科类和艺术类费用一般。

 英国本科学费:

 大概在12000-20000英镑不等。英国本科学制为3-4年,对于文科类专业每年学费大概每年约14,000-20,000英镑,理科类专业是每年约16,000-25,000英镑,医科则为每年约25,000-35,000英镑。

 英国研究生学费:

 一般在12000-30000英镑不等,且每年还在小额递增。英国硕士课程绝大多数学制为一年,学制较短,因此可以较为大幅度地节省留学费用的支出。

 英国硕士分为授课型硕士和研究型硕士。对于授课型硕士,只需在教室授课的本科课程相对来说比较便宜。具体来说,硕士类商科专业,比方金融、会计、人力资源管理、物流都是讲授式课程,学费相对于文科和理工科要贵,学费一般为18,000英镑左右,传媒专业约为19,000英镑。

 二、英国留学生活费

 这根据留学生生活水平和消费习惯的不同而有所变动,难以做出统一的衡量,按照一般留学生的消费水平,在英国留学一年的生活费大约在5000-6500英镑,伦敦地区生活费在8000英镑左右。基本介绍情况如下:

 1、住宿费

 英国大学为一年级外国留学生提供校内学生公寓。在留学生公寓中,常常是3至7位学生合住一套住房,每人单独占据其中一个房间,共用一间厨房或卫生间(也有独立卫生间的,比共用的价格要高)。这种学院宿舍(自炊)每周的费用约为120至200英镑。

 2、餐费

 英国一般每日三餐的开销大学一个月150英镑是较为普遍的情况,如果留学生吃的水平更高一些,一个月大约300英镑左右也足够了。

 3、杂费

 在英国留学还可能需要购买一些日用品和支付交通费用,这些杂费每个月大概是100-200英镑的支出,具体看外出的频繁度以及距离的远近。

 4、服装费

 由于英国留学的时间较短,留学生可以从国内携带足够的衣物到英国,如果是在英国本地购买也可以,价格相差并不是很大。

 5、医疗费

 英国是一个福利制度较为健全的国家,留学生在英国留学期间可以享受当地的免费医疗待遇,所以在英国留学是不需要担心医药费和保险费的问题。

求几篇申请出国读研的英文推荐信的范文,感谢各位大神

一封好的英文推荐信,你觉得它能够帮助我们什么忙呢?下面是我给大家整理的,供大家参阅!

1

Dear Sir/Madam,

At the request of Mr. Xizhen Chen, my former student in the Department of puter Science, Beijing Univ. of Sciences, I am glad to write this letter furnishing my evaluation of his academic aptitude for your reference. Mr. Chen is interested in your graduate program in puter Science.

I came to know him in September 1987 when Mr. Chen enrolled in my class on FORTRAN IV Programming, a three semesters' course. In the class he was one of the most outstanding students. At the semester final he earned a high grade of 81, which should be "A" according to our grading system. I also found him good at other studies.

After the class, he had personal talks with me several times. He indicated a great interest in puter hardware, In my opinion, Mr. Chen has a potential in puter Science, which can be further developed. In view of his previous achievements in this College, I am firmly convinced that Mr. Chen will make a successful graduate student. Your favorable consideration of his admission will be highly appreciated.

your sincerely,

XXXX

2

Dear Sir/Madam,

As a teacher at xxxx school, I am writing to provide you a remendation for Miss/Mr.xx so as to help you assess her/his application for acceptance into your program and consideration for financial aid.

Considered a promising student with originality and sophistication in her/his thinking, she/he was asked, in the spring semester of 2008, to develop a subsystem of a DBMS project for her B.S.thesis, for which I was the chief leader. T

his subsystem was designed to manage the rmation of materials in NO.1 Foundry Plant of Dongfeng Auto Works.To do the job, she/he read many books about software engineering and took some courses in Database Principles and Management. Keenly aware that the design of a DBMS decides the quality of the whole software system, she did her/his utmost from the beginning of the project.参加过什么活动. From *** yzing user’s requirements to designing the whole system, from the detailed designing to the final programming, she was very level-headed and full of innovation every step of the way. Taking full advantage of her ability and creativity, she firmly focused herself on her objective and gnored all distractions. She successfully reached her goal. In the final software testing, only a few bugs were found in her subsystem. My appreciation of her talelent was thus confirmed.Miss is a very personable woman, friendly and helpful, and she has always been a team player in her work.

I would greatly appreciate it if you could give her application for candidacy to your Ph.D. program favorable consideration. Should you need any further rmation in your deliberation, please do not hesitate to contact me.

your sincerely,

XXXX

3

Dear Sir/Madam,

Miss Pan Bei requested a letter of remendation from me to support her application for graduate program at your university. As her teacher, I am pleased to ply with her request.

I first got to know Miss Pan when she enrolled at university and I was the assistant director of her class at that time. Being a professor for several years, I noticed that due to the lack of self-learning ability, it is really challenging for students, even those performing excellent in senior school, to keep up with the college speed. However, as a diligent girl without any solid background in puter Science before college, she adapted quickly to the especially petitive environment in our department. At the end of the first year, she earned the 5th rank in her class, while ranking 1st among the girls. I was fairly impressed by her self-learning technique and exceptional efforts. Hence, I believe, goal-oriented, not afraid of inchoateness and with persistence, she has the quality to make achievements.

What distinguished her among her clas *** ates, I think, was that she went far beyond acquiring excellent scores in the exams and instead got her range of knowledge enlarged. In spring, 2006, Miss Pan took the course I taught named “Algebraic Structures and binatorial Mathematics”. This inquisitive and assiduous young woman was sometimes the last to leave after my class, raising novel questions related to the subject. I found that she understood the knowledge in depth and detail. Furthermore, I still remember during the spring vocation in May, due to the break-down of my mail box, I missed her mails to discussing some questions. But the following week during the course time, she asked me directly. Her zeal for knowledge and the spirit to explore answers really leave me a deep impression. Finally, she was among the few students who got almost full marks in every test in class which showed her exceeding grasp of every chapter. Thus, I gave her 98/100 for the excellent performance in my course.

In summary, I have every reason to believe that Miss. Pan will make outstanding performance at your university as a graduate. I would appreciate greatly if you give her a favorable consideration. Please feel free to contact me directly if more assistance is needed.

your sincerely,

XXXX

看过的人还:

求去英国留学的两份英文推荐信和一封自推信

To Whom It May Concern:

As Principal of George Mason High School I am delighted to recommend to you a stellar member of our teaching staff, Mr. Samuel Cohen, and to write this letter on his behalf. Sam has taught American History at the school for three years. He is one of our most popular and effective instructors and has already won several teaching awards.

He came to us directly upon completion of his bachelor’s degree, but immediately settled in as if an old pro. Sam is a master of all of the ingredients of successful teaching, especially the ability to inspire.

This gentleman is highly professional in both dress and demeanor. To my knowledge Sam has never come to work without both a suit and tie, more times than not a bow tie. The majority of others at the school, both teachers and students, dress differently and lean to more informality. Never once, however, has Sam’s manner of dress elicited the slightest comment. Why? It is simply because Sam’s attire seems entirely natural given his dignified comportment.

That comportment in turn is driven by Sam’s love and respect for American History. Sam views himself as the messenger for something serious and important, and this is reflected in the way he teaches and in the way his students respond.

Reaction to Sam’s classes has been overwhelmingly positive. So much so that more than once it has been reported to me that study hall students have been spotted lingering outside the door to Sam’s classroom listening to his lessons.

Sam’s impact has even been felt outside the school with the parents themselves. His section on the importance of voting has inspired students to cajole their parents to register to vote. Several have mentioned this to me at parent-teacher meetings. One even called the school to have me pass on their thanks to Mr. Cohen.

The only thing that we in the school administration have ever worried about in regard to Sam is the prospect of funding his bottled water. Sam is such a passionate and prolific speaker that he needs a steady supply to maintain his voice. So far we have gotten a pass on this, as students have bought it for him, including what must have been a year’s supply on his last birthday.

It will be a sad day when we announce that Sam will be pursuing his graduate degree on a fulltime basis. We can only hope that he keeps his promise and returns to us as soon as the ink is dry on his new diploma.

Sincerely,

Harold W. Brown

Principal

George Mason High School

英国研究生留学推荐信怎么写

就在这里给你贴吧

推荐信:

比较短,你可以自己再加点具体事例,这样才有血有肉,不空洞。好运!!

Mr.xxxx, presently a software testing engineer at our company, has displayed a great deal of efficiency as well as understanding on regular hand duty.

Owing to his intelligence and dilligence, he advanced swiftly in our company and got admirations from both his staff and colleagues. He always paid great attention to his work and under any circumstances he showed his perseverance,and honesty. I thus believe ha has the capability to carry on his graduate studies at your university academically and emotionally successful.

If there were any more information regarding Mr.xxx's background or his work record asked, I would like to help your university to acquire it. Please contact with me without hesitation.

自推信:

自荐信要脱颖而出

一份好的自荐信应该包括以下八个方面的必要内容:

教育背景。你的大学专业是什么,你为何选择这个专业,多年来的专业学习学到了什么,与你选择工商管理研究有什么关系。

工作经历。你曾经担任过什么样的职务,这几年来的工作中有什么业绩、学到了什么,与你攻读MBA有什么关系。

社会活动组织能力。在大学期间曾经参与或组织过什么活动,曾担任什么样的工作,从中又学到了什么。

最满意的一次经历。最满意的一项工作或学习经历是什么,是怎样做好它的。

最突出的才能。你认为自己最突出的方面是什么,如领导能力、组织能力、交流沟通能力或是协调能力。

学习计划和目的。你在攻读MBA期间的学习计划是什么,攻读MBA与你的职业追求、职业目标又有什么关联。

奖励。你曾经受过何种奖励,你是否担任过助教,你是否有优秀的论文曾经得到发表或受到奖励。

特长爱好。你其他需要向商学院说明或解释的,如你的特长和爱好,或者你在某一方面,如学习成绩不够理想,需要向商学院解释的。

同时,如果你不想让你的自荐信埋没在数百名甚至数千名申请者的资料堆中的话,还要特别注意以下四点提示:

不要忽视东西方文化的差异。中国人一向视“谦虚”为美德,即使取得了不错的成绩也要学会有所保留,而西方人不仅追求“优越”而且还要善于表达出来,所以申请者在写自荐信时一定要把自己的长处毫不隐瞒地描述出来,使人一眼就能知道你优秀的方面。

要富有个性。虽然很多申请留学MBA的人都有大致相同的经历,但实际上他们还是有很多区别的,如生活背景、学习和工作成绩、所掌握的技巧等,申请者应力求在自荐信中突出自己在某方面与众不同的成绩、能力和优点。避免给人以“千篇一律”、“平平庸庸”的感觉。

要真实。美国人对一个人的诚实品质看得很重。例如在签证时,你什么“失误”都可以,惟一不能做的就是对签证官撒谎,如果你是因为撒谎而被拒签的话,那么再签成功率将会很低。因为撒谎是人格问题。也正因为如此,美国人觉得个人签字比盖章更有效。为了保证申请者材料的真实性,商学院甚至要求申请者的每一份简历都有签字。所以申请者在准备自己的个人材料时一定要注意材料的真实性。

不要太短或太长。自荐信长短一般以1~2页为佳,太短了,无法表达清楚,而长篇大论,校方又厌于阅读。

留学申请时,推荐信的作用很重要,好的推荐信对申请人来说能够起到事半功倍的作用。在写推荐信时,必然会提及被推荐人的品性(Characters)。介绍每个人独特的个性用词也十分讲究,下列Characters是国外大学所欣赏的形容词,请各位读者参考。列举该类词汇的目的并非要各位将之奉为圭臬,而是希望在大家头痛脚痛浑身都痛的时候有个参考。请别忘了你的独特性,还请别忘了别人同你一样看过这个表格。

(1)Scholastic aptitude(学习方面的才能)

a. Native intellectual ability(天赋)

b. Imagination(想象力)

c. Creativity(创造力)

d. Capacity for analytical thinking(分析思考能力)

e. Intellectual curiosity; spirit of inquiry(好奇心)

f. Ability to work independently(独立学习工作的能力)g. Memory(记忆力)

h. Accuracy(准确性)

i. Methodology(研究方法)

j. Capability for abstract reasoning(抽象推理的能力)k. Potential as a researcher(研究的潜力)

1. Potential as a teacher(教学的潜力)

m. Ability to express his ideas orally and in writing(口头或文字的表达能力)

n. Capacity, desire and determination for good quality graduate

work(获得学业成功的能力、愿望与决心)

o. Probable success as a graduate student(作为研究生成功的可能性)

(2)Academic performance(学业上的表现)

a. Breadth of general knowledge(知识丰富)

b. Knowledge of literature in his field(本专业领域知识)

c. Grade or achievement(成绩或成就)

d. Industry, diligence(勤勉)

e. Participation in discussion(讨论积极)

f. Academic maturity(学业上的成熟)

(3)Languages(语言能力)

a. Ability to speak, understand, read and write the English language(听、说、读、写英文的能力)

b. Ability to read significant literature in other languages than English(英语以外的语言阅读能力)

(4)Character(品行)

a. Honesty; integrity(诚实)

b. Sincerity(诚恳)

c. Sense of responsibility(责任感)

d. Cooperation (合作)

e. Enthusiasm(热诚)

f. Conscientiousness(自觉性)

g. Ethical and moral standards(伦理与道德标准)

h. Reliability; dependability(可靠性)

你可以这样写:

英文自荐信范文(1)

Dear Sir or Madam:

My name is ****** , coming from Changchun of Jilin province . I will get English art bachelor’s degree smoothly in******university of Technology in July of next year.

Please consider my application for a qualified job hunter .Being an English major student to graduate soon , I’m longing for an opportunity to realize my personal value . You will note that I have acquired the professional knowledge of English and practical skills. Furthermore, I have won other prizes for my excellent performance. In the mean time, I enjoy many on-campus and off-campus activities.

Four-year hard-working and good education strengthens me and my social experiences cultivate my all-round ability, capable of communicating with high sense of responsibility. In my spare time, I widely dabbled a large amount of books, not only substantiated myself, but also have trained my technical ability in many aspects. All these make me have a big understanding of nowadays development of English. I can not say my study is excellent, but you know marks is not everything. Deeds speak louder than works. I’m confident that employing me is a kind of investment for you.

If you think that the record of mine qualified me for a start in your company. Please call ********. My references and I’m ready for your interview any time.

Your early reply will be very appreciated.

请你参考利用,祝你好运!

现在有很多学生都会咨询留学推荐信的书写问题。有一些学生拿了很多推荐人的高端背景资料来咨询可不可以把这些写到推荐信里。接下来我就为大家来说一说英国研究生留学推荐信怎么写。

 留学推荐信虽然没有特定的模板, 但是每个段落都要有一个中心,并做到围绕这一中心来写。首先,介绍一下二人是何时何地认识的,关系如何?然后表达一下推荐人对被推荐人出国留学的大力支持。其次, 就是推荐信的主体。 主体部分主要是推荐人结合两人共事的一些经历来体现被推荐人的一些优势和能力。一般涉及两三个事例, 每个事例的视角不同,体现的优点也各不相同。一般需要三封留学推荐信,两个学术类推荐人,一个实习推荐人,且三个推荐人在推荐信中的推荐点尽量不要重合,这样综合起来才能体现申请者的一个全面综合能力。最后是对整篇推荐信的总结,总结一下申请者具备良好的学术能力和做科研的潜力,适合获得进一步的提升, 表达一下对其出国留学的美好祝愿之类的。

至于申请人特别想大力突出的推荐人的超厉害背景, 往往可以附在推荐信的落款处。落款除了有推荐人的签名和电话,邮箱以外还可以加上其头衔和成就。当然也不是头衔越高越好,还是要看和申请人的熟悉程度和接触度。如果推荐人头衔很高,但是却对申请人一无所知, 写出来的推荐信没有具体事例做支撑, 就会显得假大空而没有说服力,而丧失了推荐力度。 这样的话,还不如找一个头衔不那么高,但是很了解你, 写出来的推荐信有说服力来的有力度。

 此外写推荐信还有一些注意事项。首先,留学推荐信一定不能夸夸其谈,整篇都一味地写申请人如何优秀如何优秀,这样的推荐信是丝毫没有信服力的。人无完人,还是要提一下申请人的缺点和有待改进的点。其次,要注意措辞,不要使用一些纯夸的语句,一个本身就很牛的教授肯定见过很多实力雄厚的学生人,因此不会太极端的夸赞某一个申请者。最后,在熟悉的基础上再选头衔高的。

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本文仅代表作者观点,不代表百度立场。
本文系作者授权百度百家发表,未经许可,不得转载。

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